The wind has been used as an energy source for hundreds of years, captured in sails to drive boats across oceans and caught in the blades of windmills, grinding grain for flour. In the current day, efforts worldwide are focused on the development of ‘offshore’ (typically sea-based) wind turbines as an energy source. There are several advantages to having wind turbines placed offshore rather than on land. These include having a lesser impact on the land, animals, and people living there, as well as the benefit of capturing stronger winds offshore, maximising energy output.
Predominantly, established wind turbines are held in place using ‘bottom-fixed’ foundations, whereby the structures are attached to the seabed. A key limitation to this approach is that its use
is restricted to shallow waters, leaving vast areas of the Earth’s waters untapped.
Floating wind turbines are a more recent innovation. As the name suggests, the turbines are mounted on floating structures, which are moored and anchored rather than directly fixed to the seabed. The first large, industrial-scale floating wind farm (HiPR-Wind) was established in Scotland in 2015. Ongoing and future projects have even more ambitious plans to take advantage of deeper and more challenging waters and to put greater numbers of wind turbines in place.
Dr Jon Tore Lieng of Deep Sea Anchors in Trondheim, Norway, is
an expert in anchoring systems for floating offshore structures such as oil and gas platforms, drilling rigs, and wind farms. He explains that various anchor designs for floating wind turbines
are available, each with specific installation requirements. These include drag embedment anchors such as fluke anchors, where the anchor is dragged across the seabed until it realises sufficient resistance. These are extensively used with temporary installations but may also be used for single-line permanent mooring. Since they are drag-embedded, they need to be proof-loaded up to design requirements in that the anchor’s precise embedment depth is not known. Proof loading may require several vessels
and or expensive marine operations and equipment to fulfil the prescribed loading capacities.
Another design is a suction anchor, where a cylinder, closed at the top end, is lowered onto the seabed where it self-penetrates to a certain depth and then suction embedded (therefore coined suction anchor) by pumping out the enclosed water. Suction anchors may have up to three mooring lines attached (anchor sharing), normally require large crane vessels and may take from six to twelve hours to install, making marine operations relatively expensive. Alternatively, a driven pile can be used, which involves the installation of a steel pipe that is driven into the seabed
to act as an anchor point. However, deep waters, say over 150 metres, require lengthy and massive hydraulic hoses and large hydraulic hammers, which require ditto large installation vessels and equipment. Whilst suction and driven pile anchors are undoubtedly strong, the installation is evidently not only complex and time-consuming but also costly.
Foto, Ole Jørgen Bratland /EquinorDr Lieng is pioneering novel approaches to reduce the complexity and cost of installing anchoring systems for floating wind farms and to support the move of oil and gas exploration into deeper waters. To this end, he favours the concept of Dynamically Installed Anchors (also known as Gravity Installed Anchors), which is used where the seabed soil sediments consist of cohesive material such as clay or silt. These anchors are dropped from a certain height above the seabed, i.e., typically from a height of 70– 80 metres, allowing gravitational forces to effectively embed them in the seabed some 20–30 metres, depending on the strength of the seabed sediments. This makes their installation much easier to accomplish than for other anchor designs, especially in deep or challenging waters.
His extensively tested Deep Penetrating Anchor (DPA) is one type of Dynamically Installed Anchor. It is similar in shape to a dart, and will vary in size and mass depending on capacity design requirements. This size, shape, and weight ensure that when the anchor is released, it builds up enough momentum to penetrate deep into the seabed. Capacities in excess of 1,000 tonnes
can be realised, which is sufficient for large 15-megawatt wind turbines. The DPA is approved by Det Norske Veritas (which sets standards for offshore structures) and is a qualified technology within Equinor, an offshore wind developer and operator that has supported the development of the concept.
To ensure that these anchors are installed as designed, a monitoring unit is mounted on the side of the anchor. This unit is designed to be recoverable and provides the team on the surface with information about how the anchor descended through the water – recording any spin, pitch or yaw, velocity, anchor verticality
and acquired penetration depth. From these data, the team on the surface can document if the anchor is installed as designed, i.e., has reached minimum penetration and verticality. Interestingly, the condition of the seabed that the anchor penetrates is less important than the geometry and mass of the anchor. Dr Lieng tested his design in two regions with differing seabed soil shear strength and found that the theoretical pullout capacities s were very similar for both regions.
One of the most significant benefits of this anchor design is the installation simplicity. Dr Lieng explains that this means that the requirement for very large construction vessels is reduced as smaller vessels of type Anchor Handling Tugs equipped with Anchor Recovery Frames (ARF) will be able to install DPAs with relative ease. Although it has not yet been demonstrated in practice, it may theoretically be possible to attach two mooring lines to a DPA during installation. By having two anchor lines attached to each DPA for anchor sharing, savings with regard to manufacturing and installation costs are increased.
The DPA designed by Dr Lieng and his team will allow offshore wind farms to be built in places that were previously economically unviable or physically too challenging. This opens up huge amounts of wind energy that can now be effectively harnessed while negating the need for the construction of large windfarms, either on or close to land.